Analyzing the synthesis route of 33527-91-2

This compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route,33527-91-2,Tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine,its application will become more common.

As a common heterocyclic compound, it belongs to chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound, name is Tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine, and cas is 33527-91-2, its synthesis route is as follows.

Embodiment 5Production of [Cu(Me6tren)]BPh4 0.20 g (0.87 mmol) Me6tren (1) was dissolved in approx. 2 ml acetone and a solution of 0.30 g (0.81 mmol) [Cu(CH3CN)4]PF6 (tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I)-hexafluorophosphate) in approx. 4 ml acetone was added slowly under constant stirring. A solution of 0.28 g (0.82 mmol) NaBPh4 (sodium tetraphenylborate) in approx. 2 mL acetone was added subsequently to the colorless, complex solution thus obtained, for the replacement of anions. For the preparation of the solid, the complex solution was added to 20 ml diethylether. The voluminous solid of [Cu(Me6tren)]BPh4 (10) obtained was dried in vacuum. 0.48 g (96.6%) of a colorless powder was obtained as the product.All work was carried out in an argon box. It is possible, however, to carry out all work with the Schlenk technique under argon or nitrogen as well.The complex [Cu(Me6tren)]BPh4 is shown in FIG. 1.The results of the crystal structure analysis of [Cu(Me6tren)]BPh4 are shown in FIG. 2.

This compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route,33527-91-2,Tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine,its application will become more common.

Reference£º
Patent; Schindler, Siegfried; Wuertele, Christian; US2012/16127; (2012); A1;,
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Downstream synthetic route of N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine

110-70-3, In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles.,110-70-3 ,N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see

Name is N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, as a common heterocyclic compound, it belongs to chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound, and cas is 110-70-3, its synthesis route is as follows.

A solution of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (4.95 g, 22.69 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (240 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of N,N?-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (4 g, 45.38 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (80 mL) over a period of 20h. The resulting mixture was stirred at r.t. for 3h. The mixture was then washed sequentially with sat. Na2CO3 (2 x 100 mL), water (50 mL), and sat. brine (50 mL). The organic solution was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by FCC, eluting with 0-10% CH3OH in CH2Cl2 gave the title compound (2.177 g, 51%) as a pale yellow oil; 1H NMR: 1.40 (9H, s), 2.28 (3H, s), 2.57 (2H, t), 2.79 (3H, s), 3.20 (2H, t).

110-70-3, In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles.,110-70-3 ,N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see

Reference£º
Patent; ASTRAZENECA AB; ASTRAZENECA UK LIMITED; BUTTERWORTH, Sam; FINLAY, Maurice, Raymond, Verschoyle; WARD, Richard, Andrew; KADAMBAR, Vasantha, Krishna; CHANDRASHEKAR, Reddy, C.; MURUGAN, Andiappan; REDFEARN, Heather, Marie; WO2013/14448; (2013); A1;,
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Introduction of a new synthetic route about 31886-58-5

Chemical properties determine the actual use. Each compound has specific chemical properties and uses. We look forward to more synthetic routes in the future to expand reaction routes of (R)-(+)-N,N-Dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine, 31886-58-5

31886-58-5, In the next few decades, the world population will flourish. As the population grows rapidly and people all over the world use more and more resources, all industries must consider their environmental impact. (R)-(+)-N,N-Dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine, cas is 31886-58-5,the chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below.

Example B18: Reaction schemeX24 ml (10 mmol) of n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexane) are added dropwise to a solution of 3.44 g (10 mmol) of 1 ,1 ‘-dibromoferrocene in 10 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at a temperature of < -30C. The mixture is stirred at this temperature for a further 1.5 hours. 2.21 ml (10 mmol) of dicyclohexylphosphine chloride are then added dropwise at such a rate that the temperature does not exceed -20C. After stirring the mixture for a further 10 minutes, the temperature is allowed to rise to room temperature and the mixture is stirred for another one hour. It is cooled back down to 30C and 4.4 ml (11 mmol) of n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexane) are added dropwise. The mixture is subsequently stirred at -10C for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is then cooled to -78C and 1.49 ml (11 mmol) of dichlorophenylphosphine are added. The mixture is stirred at -78C for 20 minutes and then at room temperature for a further one hour. This gives a reaction mixture comprising the monochlorodiphosphine X6. In a second vessel, 8.5 ml (11 mmol) of S-BuLi (1.3 M in cyclohexane) are added dropwise to a solution of 2.57 g (10 mmol) of (R)-1-dimethylamino-1-ferrocenylethane in 15 ml of diethyl ether at <-10C. After stirring the mixture at the same temperature for 10 minutes, the temperature is allowed to rise to 0C and the mixture is stirred for another 1.5 hours. This reaction solution is subsequently added by means of a cannula to the reaction mixture comprising the monochlorodiphosphine X6 which has been cooled to -10C. After the addition, the mixture is stirred at room temperature for another 2 hours. After addition of 10 ml of water, the reaction mixture is extracted, the organic phase is dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent is distilled off under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator. The residue is heated at 140C for one hour. Column chromatography (silica gel 60; eluent: hexane/ethyl acetate 4:1 ) gives the compound of the formula (B1 ) in a yield of 47%. 31P- and 1H-NMR of the product are identical with those of Example B1.; Example B19: Reaction schemeReaction mixture 1 : 4 ml (10 mmol) of n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexane) are added dropwise to a solution of 3.44 g (10 mmol) of 1 ,1 '-dibromoferrocene in 10 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at a temperature of < -30C. The mixture is stirred at this temperature for a further 30 minutes. It is then cooled to -78C and 1.36 ml (10 mmol) of phenyldichlorophosphine are added. After stirring the mixture for a further 10 minutes, the temperature is allowed to rise to room temperature and the mixture is stirred for another one hour.Reaction mixture 2: In a second vessel, 8.0 ml (10.4 mmol) of S-BuLi (1.3 M in cyclohexane) are added dropwise to a solution of 2.57 g (10 mmol) of (R)-1-dimethylamino-1-ferrocenyl- ethane in 15 ml of diethyl ether at <-10C. After stirring the mixture at the same temperature for 10 minutes, the temperature is allowed to rise to 0C and the mixture is stirred for another 1.5 hours.The reaction mixture 1 is slowly added to the reaction mixture 2 at a temperature below -10C. The mixture is subsequently stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. At a temperature in the range from -78C to -50C, 8 ml (10.4 mmol) of S-BuLi (1.3 M in cyclohexane) are then added dropwise. After stirring the mixture at -78C for 20 minutes, the temperature is allowed to rise to 0C and the mixture is stirred for a further 30 minutes before 2.21 ml (10 mmol) of chloro- dicyclohexylphosphine are added at -20C. The mixture is stirred at 20C for another 20 minutes and finally at room temperature for another 1.5 hours. The work-up and thermal epimerization are carried out in a manner analogous to that described in Example B18. The compound of the formula (B1 ) is obtained in a yield of 31 %. 31P- and 1H-NMR of the product are identical with those of Example B1.; Example B20:8.5 ml (11 mmol) of S-BuLi (1.3 M in cyclohexane) are added dropwise to a solution of 2.83 g (1 1 mmol) of (R)-1 -dimethylamino-1 -ferrocenylethane in 15 ml of diethyl ether at <-10C. The cooling is then removed and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for another 2 hours. After cooling to -10C, 2.92 g (10 mmol) of the compound A3 are added and the mixture is stirred at this temperature for a further 30 minutes. The temperature is allowed to rise to room temperature and the mixture is stirred for another one hour. After addition of 10 ml of 1 N NaOH, the reaction mixture is extracted, the organic phase is dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent is distilled off under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator. A 1H-NMR of the residue shows that the reaction is very stereoselective and gives virtually exclusively the desired diastereomer (RC,SFC, Sp)-I -[2-(1 -dimethylaminoethyl)ferrocen-1 -yl]phenylphosphino- 1 '-dicyclohexylphosphinoferrocene. After chromatography (silica gel 60; eluent = hexane/ethyl acetate 4:1 ), this product is obtained in a yield of 37%. 31P- and 1H-NMR of the produ…

Chemical properties determine the actual use. Each compound has specific chemical properties and uses. We look forward to more synthetic routes in the future to expand reaction routes of (R)-(+)-N,N-Dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine, 31886-58-5

Reference£º
Patent; SOLVIAS AG; WO2007/116081; (2007); A1;,
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

New learning discoveries about 110-70-3

110-70-3, In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles.,110-70-3 ,N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see

Name is N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, as a common heterocyclic compound, it belongs to chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound, and cas is 110-70-3, its synthesis route is as follows.

Example 20Preparation of (E)-methyl 4-(methyl(2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-N-methyldocosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)ethyl)amino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate (Compound I-104) tert-Butyl methyl(2-(methylamino)ethyl)carbamate was prepared as follows: N1,N2-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (40 mmol) was dissolved in 100 mL of CH2Cl2 and cooled to 0 C. A solution of di-tert-butylcarbonate (4.0 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) was then added dropwise at 0 C. over a period of 15 min. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0 C. for 30 min and then warmed to room temperature. After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2 (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (3¡Á25 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl methyl(2-(methylamino)ethyl)carbamate. This amine was subjected to the same reaction conditions outlined earlier in the preparation of (E)-methyl 4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate. The desired product, namely (E)-methyl 4-(methyl(2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-N-methyldocosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)ethyl)amino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate, was obtained after purification by silica gel chromatography. MS (EI) calcd for C31H46N2O4: 510.35. found 511 (M+1).

110-70-3, In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles.,110-70-3 ,N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see

Reference£º
Patent; Milne, Jill C.; Jirousek, Michael R.; Bemis, Jean E.; Vu, Chi B.; US2011/172240; (2011); A1;,
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Introduction of a new synthetic route about 31886-58-5

Chemical properties determine the actual use. Each compound has specific chemical properties and uses. We look forward to more synthetic routes in the future to expand reaction routes of (R)-(+)-N,N-Dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine, 31886-58-5

31886-58-5, In the next few decades, the world population will flourish. As the population grows rapidly and people all over the world use more and more resources, all industries must consider their environmental impact. (R)-(+)-N,N-Dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine, cas is 31886-58-5,the chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below.

(S)-Ugi-amine 1 (2.57 g, 10 mmol) was dissolved in 25 mL of diethyl ether, and n-butyllithium (8 mL, 2.5 mol/L) was added dropwise to the reaction system under nitrogen protection and ice salt bath cooling. After that, the temperature was slowly raised to room temperature, and the reaction was stirred for 3 hours. Under ice cooling, chlorobis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)phosphine (5.53 g, 20 mmol) was added dropwise thereto, and after the completion of the dropwise addition, the mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature, and the reaction was stirred for 24 hours. The reaction was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted with dichloromethane. Dry over anhydrous sodium sulfate, Concentration and column chromatography gave the product 10 (3.03 g, 61%).

Chemical properties determine the actual use. Each compound has specific chemical properties and uses. We look forward to more synthetic routes in the future to expand reaction routes of (R)-(+)-N,N-Dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine, 31886-58-5

Reference£º
Patent; Zhejiang University of Technology; Zhong Weihui; Ling Fei; Nian Sanfei; (14 pag.)CN108774271; (2018); A;,
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Some tips on 110-70-3

110-70-3, In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles.,110-70-3 ,N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see

As a common heterocyclic compound, it belongs to chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound, name is N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, and cas is 110-70-3, its synthesis route is as follows.

To a stirred solution of N,N’-dimethylethylenediamine (25.0 g, 0.28 mol) in 150 mL of dry diethyl ether was added diethyl oxalate (38.5 mL, 0.28 mol) in one portion. After a few minutes white crystals started to precipitate. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The product was filtered and washed with dry diethyl ether. The product was dried under vacuum at 47 C overnight to give colorless crystals (38.64 g, 96%). ?H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3, delta) : 3.50 (s, 4H), 2.99 (s, 6H). ?3C {?H} (200 MHz, CDCI3, delta): 157.35, 45.91, 34.74.

110-70-3, In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles.,110-70-3 ,N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see

Reference£º
Patent; GEORGIA TECH RESEARCH CORPORATION; WO2005/123754; (2005); A2;,
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Share a compound : 110-70-3

110-70-3, In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles.,110-70-3 ,N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see

As a common heterocyclic compound, it belongs to chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound, name is N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, and cas is 110-70-3, its synthesis route is as follows.

36.2 g (0.40 mol) acrylic acid chloride and 16 mg MEHQ were dissolved in 600 ml methylene chloride in a 1.5-l sulphonation flask and cooled to -5 C. Then, a mixture of 17.6 g (0.20 mol) N,N’-dimethylethylenediamine, 40.8 g (0.40 mol) triethylamine and 400 ml methylene chloride was added dropwise accompanied by stirring so that the temperature remained between -5 and 0 C. After 1.5 h stirring, the mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature, stirred overnight, the precipitate formed was filtered off and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The raw product was taken up in 150 ml acetone, filtered through a frit with 50 g silica gel 60 and concentrated again. After repeating this process, 30.1 g (77% yield) of a light yellow liquid remained. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): delta=3.10 and 3.14 (s; 2*3H, CH3), 3.54-3.67 (2m; 4H, CH2N), 5.68, 6.35 and 6.56 (m; 3*2H, CH=CH2) ppm.

110-70-3, In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles.,110-70-3 ,N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see

Reference£º
Patent; Ivoclar Vivadent AG; US6953832; (2005); B2;,
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Application of 31886-58-5

The chemical industry reduces the impact on the environment during synthesis,31886-58-5,(R)-(+)-N,N-Dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine,I believe this compound will play a more active role in future production and life.

Name is (R)-(+)-N,N-Dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine, as a common heterocyclic compound, it belongs to chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound, and cas is 31886-58-5, its synthesis route is as follows.

Preparation of A1 (mixture of diastereomers)15.5 ml (23.2 mmol) of t-BuLi (1.5 M in pentane) are added dropwise to a solution of 5.98 g (23.2 mmol) of (R)-1-dimethylamino-1-ferrocenylethane in 40 ml of diethyl ether (DE) at <-10C. After stirring the mixture at the same temperature for 10 minutes, the temperature is allowed to rise to room temperature and the mixture is stirred for another 1.5 hours. This gives a solution of the compound X2 which is added via a cannula to a cooled suspension of the monochlorophosphine X1 at such a rate that the temperature does not exceed -30C. After stirring the mixture at -30C for a further 10 minutes, the temperature is allowed to rise to 0C and the mixture is stirred for another 2 hours. The reaction mixture is admixed with 20 ml of water. The organic phase is separated off, dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent is distilled off under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator. Chromatographic purification (silica gel 60; eluent = heptane/ethyl acetate(EA)/NEthyl3(Net3) 85:10:5) gives 1 1.39 g of the desired product as a mixture of 2 diastereomers. The chemical industry reduces the impact on the environment during synthesis,31886-58-5,(R)-(+)-N,N-Dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine,I believe this compound will play a more active role in future production and life. Reference£º
Patent; SOLVIAS AG; WO2007/116081; (2007); A1;,
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Application of 2-Fluoro-5-((4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)methyl)benzonitrile

33527-91-2, In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles.,33527-91-2 ,Tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see

Name is Tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine, as a common heterocyclic compound, it belongs to chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound, and cas is 33527-91-2, its synthesis route is as follows.

Mixturing of Co(CH3COO)24H2O (57 mg, 0,23 mmol) and Me6TREN (in excess) was followed by sonication until all the pink cobalt salt was transformed into a bright green oil. The excess of ligand was washed away with diethyl ether.

33527-91-2, In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles.,33527-91-2 ,Tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see

Reference£º
Article; Tordin, Elisa; List, Manuela; Monkowius, Uwe; Schindler, Siegfried; Knoer, Guenther; Inorganica Chimica Acta; vol. 402; (2013); p. 90 – 96;,
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

The important role of N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine

110-70-3, In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles.,110-70-3 ,N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see

As a common heterocyclic compound, it belongs to chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound, name is N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, and cas is 110-70-3, its synthesis route is as follows.

Preparation of N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-N, N’-dimethylethylenediamine; Lambda/,Lambda/-dimethylethylenediamine (1.O g, 11.3 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (10 ml.) and was treated with triethylamine (1.6 ml_, 1 1.3 mmol). The mixture EPO was cooled to 0 C for the addition of di-terf-butyl dicarbonate (2.5 g, 1 1.3 mmol). The reaction stirred for 30 min at 0 C then 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then washed with water (10 ml.) and the aqueous layer extracted with further portions of dichloromethane (2 x 10 ml_). The combined organic phases were dried over NaaSCu and the solvent removed in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (40:8:1 , dichloromethane:methanol:aqueous ammonia) yielded (508 mg, 24 %) of the desired N-tert- butoxycarbonyl-N,N’-dimethylethylenediamine as a colourless oil.

110-70-3, In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles.,110-70-3 ,N1,N2-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see

Reference£º
Patent; BIOTICA TECHNOLOGY LTD.; WO2007/26027; (2007); A1;,
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis