The important role of 3896-11-5

Interested yet? Read on for other articles about 3896-11-5, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. COA of Formula: C17H18ClN3O.

The reaction rate of a catalyzed reaction is faster than the reaction rate of the uncatalyzed reaction at the same temperature. 3896-11-5, Name is 2-(tert-Butyl)-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol, SMILES is CC1=CC(=C(O)C(=C1)N1N=C2C=CC(Cl)=CC2=N1)C(C)(C)C, in an article , author is Goszczycki, Piotr, once mentioned of 3896-11-5, COA of Formula: C17H18ClN3O.

Cobalt(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) isostructural, pseudotetrahedral, racemic complexes of pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline with bis(2-thienylmethyl)propylenediamine chain: Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopy

Cobalt(lI), copper(II), and zinc(II) cations all have similar effective ionic radii so they form with (E)-1-phenyl-3-{N-[N’,N’-bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-3-aminopropyllaminophenylmethylidene}-1,3-dihydro-2H-p-yrrolo[2,3-b]quinoxalin-2-one (1) isostructural, pseudotetrahedral complexes 2a, 2b, and 2c, respectively. Single crystal X-ray analysis of the synthesized complexes reveals that they are chiral (AM-pS, pS; pR) and crystalize as racemates in P 2(1)/c space group. There is axial chirality connected with tetrahedrally substituted metal center and crystallization induced planar chirality of two symmetry independent ligand molecules (different conformers). In solution only metal center chirality is maintained due to the conformational lability of the 3-[N,N-bis(thien-2-ylmethyl)amino]propyl group. Chirality of zinc complex 2c in solution was confirmed by the analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra. NMR data show diastereotopic protons of aliphatic chain and the restriction of phenyl ring rotation at C(30) carbon atom. Complex 2c is fluorescent in solid state as well as in solution (fluorescence quantum yield in acetonitrile, = 0.1). The NMR titration at room temperature shows that the major product of zinc coordination is not 2c but the complex with a tautomeric form of the ligand having proton located at N(4) nitrogen atom (enamine-imine tautomerism). UV-Vis data for 2a, 2b, and 2c both in solid and in solution are discussed. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interested yet? Read on for other articles about 3896-11-5, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. COA of Formula: C17H18ClN3O.

Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
,Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Simple exploration of 50893-53-3

A reaction mechanism is the microscopic path by which reactants are transformed into products. Each step is an elementary reaction. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 50893-53-3. Quality Control of 1-Chloroethyl carbonochloridate.

Chemistry is the science of change. But why do chemical reactions take place? Why do chemicals react with each other? The answer is in thermodynamics and kinetics, Quality Control of 1-Chloroethyl carbonochloridate, 50893-53-3, Name is 1-Chloroethyl carbonochloridate, SMILES is O=C(Cl)OC(Cl)C, belongs to chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound. In a document, author is Fan, Na, introduce the new discover.

The On-Off chiral mesoporous silica nanoparticles for delivering achiral drug in chiral environment

In the current stage, the On-Off mechanism of chiral mesoporous silica nanoparticles (CMSN) for delivering achiral drug in chiral environment has rarely been reported. Herein, On-Off chiral mesoporous silica nano particles (On-Off-D-CMSN and On-Off-L-CMSN) were successfully synthesized and its particular contribution in delivering achiral drug indometacin (IMC) in chiral environment was mainly studied. The as-synthesized On-Off-D-CMSN and On-Off-L-CMSN were verified by fourier transform infrared spectrometer and circular dichroism. The transmission electron microscope test and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis showed that On-Off-D-CMSN and On-Off-L-CMSN were regular spheres with concealed pore channels. The zeta potential analysis demonstrated that the grafting functional groups distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of On-Off-D-CMSN and On-Off-L-CMSN. Through dissolution experiment, the drug release of IMC loaded On-Off-D-CMSN (84%) and IMC loaded On-Off-L-CMSN (70%) were about 2.4 and 2.0 times higher than pure IMC (35%) in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution (PBS), respectively. IMC loaded On-Off-D-CMSN and IMC loaded On-Off-L-CMSN exerted different chiral recognition functions with On-Off mechanism in in-vitro chiral environment (pH 6.8 PBS-L and pH 6.8 PBS-D). The results of anti-inflammation pharmacodynamics further demonstrated that On-Off-D-CMSN and On-Off-L-CMSN can trigger chiral biological environment to achieve on or off chiral recognition functions. The unique advantages of On-Off chiral mesoporous silica nanoparticles in triggering chiral biological environment can provide valuable instruction for designing drug delivery system.

A reaction mechanism is the microscopic path by which reactants are transformed into products. Each step is an elementary reaction. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 50893-53-3. Quality Control of 1-Chloroethyl carbonochloridate.

Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
,Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Awesome and Easy Science Experiments about Trimethoxy[2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-yl)ethyl]silane

Interested yet? Keep reading other articles of 3388-04-3, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. HPLC of Formula: C11H22O4Si.

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 3388-04-3, Name is Trimethoxy[2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-yl)ethyl]silane, molecular formula is C11H22O4Si. In an article, author is Aponte, Jose C.,once mentioned of 3388-04-3, HPLC of Formula: C11H22O4Si.

Analysis of amino acids, hydroxy acids, and amines in CR chondrites

The abundances, relative distributions, and enantiomeric and isotopic compositions of amines, amino acids, and hydroxy acids in Miller Range (MIL) 090001 and MIL 090657 meteorites were determined. Chiral distributions and isotopic compositions confirmed that most of the compounds detected were indigenous to the meteorites and not the result of terrestrial contamination. Combined with data in the literature, suites of these compounds have now been analyzed in a set of six CR chondrites, spanning aqueous alteration types 2.0-2.8. Amino acid abundances ranged from 17 to 3300 nmol g(-1) across the six CRs; hydroxy acid abundances ranged from 180 to 1800 nmol g(-1); and amine abundances ranged from 40 to 2100 nmol g(-1). For amino acids and amines, the weakly altered chondrites contained the highest abundances, whereas hydroxy acids were most abundant in the more altered CR2.0 chondrite. Because water contents in the meteorites are orders of magnitude greater than soluble organics, synthesis of hydroxy acids, which requires water, may be less affected by aqueous alteration than amines and amino acids that require nitrogen-bearing precursors. Two chiral amino acids that were plausibly extraterrestrial in origin were present with slight enantiomeric excesses: L-isovaline (similar to 10% excess) and D-beta-amino-n-butyric acid (similar to 9% excess); further studies are needed to verify that the chiral excess in the latter compound is truly extraterrestrial in origin. The isotopic compositions of compounds reported here did not reveal definitive links between the different compound classes such as common synthetic precursors, but will provide a framework for further future in-depth analyses.

Interested yet? Keep reading other articles of 3388-04-3, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. HPLC of Formula: C11H22O4Si.

Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
,Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Awesome and Easy Science Experiments about 136030-00-7

Reference of 136030-00-7, Consequently, the presence of a catalyst will permit a system to reach equilibrium more quickly, but it has no effect on the position of the equilibrium as reflected in the value of its equilibrium constant.I hope my blog about 136030-00-7 is helpful to your research.

Reference of 136030-00-7, The transformation of simple hydrocarbons into more complex and valuable products via catalytic C¨CH bond functionalisation has revolutionised modern synthetic chemistry. 136030-00-7, Name is (1R,2S)-1-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ol, SMILES is O[C@@H]1[C@H](N)C2=C(C=CC=C2)C1, belongs to chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound. In a article, author is Hu, Yanhua, introduce new discover of the category.

Cobalt-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of C=N Bonds Enabled by Assisted Coordination and Nonbonding Interactions

An efficient cobalt-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of C=N bonds has been realized. Chiral hydrazines were obtained in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities (95-98 % ee). The hydrogenation went smoothly at up to 2000 substrate/catalyst and on a gram scale. The success of this reaction relies on the presence of an NHBz group in the substrates, with the reactivity and enantioselectivity improved by an assisted coordination to the cobalt atom and a nonbonding interaction with the ligand. Furthermore, this reaction has practical applications for the synthesis of several useful chiral nitrogen-containing compounds.

Reference of 136030-00-7, Consequently, the presence of a catalyst will permit a system to reach equilibrium more quickly, but it has no effect on the position of the equilibrium as reflected in the value of its equilibrium constant.I hope my blog about 136030-00-7 is helpful to your research.

Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
,Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Brief introduction of Ethyl 2-isocyanoacetate

Interested yet? Keep reading other articles of 2999-46-4, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. SDS of cas: 2999-46-4.

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 2999-46-4, Name is Ethyl 2-isocyanoacetate, molecular formula is C5H7NO2. In an article, author is Wei, Yingying,once mentioned of 2999-46-4, SDS of cas: 2999-46-4.

Investigation on the chirality mechanism of chiral carbon quantum dots derived from tryptophan

Chiral carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with chirality, fluorescence and biocompatibility were synthesized by a one-step method with L-/D-tryptophan (L-/D-Trp), as both carbon source and chiral source. Levogyration-/dextrorotation-CQDs (L-/D-CQDs) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible absorption, excitation and emission spectrometry and circular dichroism (CD) spectrometry. Results show that L-CQDs and D-CQDs present similar spherical morphology, functional groups and optical properties. The CD signal, around 220, 240 and 290 nm are opposite and symmetric, which conclusively demonstrates that L-CQDs and D-CQDs are enantiomers. Besides the CD signal around 220 nm from the inheritance of L-/ DTrp, two new chiral signals around 240 and 290 nm were induced by chiral environment.

Interested yet? Keep reading other articles of 2999-46-4, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. SDS of cas: 2999-46-4.

Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
,Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Final Thoughts on Chemistry for 90965-06-3

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 90965-06-3, in my other articles. Product Details of 90965-06-3.

Chemistry can be defined as the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. You¡¯ll sometimes hear it called the central science because it is the connection between physics and all the other sciences, starting with biology. 90965-06-3, Name is Dimethyl (1-diazo-2-oxopropyl)phosphonate, molecular formula is , belongs to chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound. In a document, author is Chen, Xi, Product Details of 90965-06-3.

Silver-catalyzed intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of amide-1, 6-enynes

An efficient intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of amide-1,6-enynes has been developed, under silver catalysis starting from electron-rich triple bonds. Asymmetric reaction conditions in the presence of Ag salts and chiral atropisomeric MeO-Biphep diphosphine ligands were also investigated and afforded the cyclic amides in good yields and enantiomeric excesses up to 50%.

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 90965-06-3, in my other articles. Product Details of 90965-06-3.

Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
,Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Extended knowledge of 19035-79-1

If you¡¯re interested in learning more about 19035-79-1. The above is the message from the blog manager. SDS of cas: 19035-79-1.

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, SDS of cas: 19035-79-1, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 19035-79-1, Name is Potassium hexadecyl hydrogenphosphate, molecular formula is C16H34KO4P. In an article, author is Zhao, Tong,once mentioned of 19035-79-1.

Discovery of novel indolylarylsulfones as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs via structure-guided scaffold morphing

For more in-depth exploration of the chemical space around the entrance channel of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), a series of novel indolylarylsulfones (IASs) bearing different chiral N-substituted pyrrolidine, azetidine or substituted sulfonamide groups at indole-2-carboxamide were designed and synthesized as potent HIV NNRTIs by structure-guided scaffold morphing approach. All the IASs exhibited moderate to excellent potency against wild-type HIV-1 with EC50 values ranging from 0.0043 mu M to 4.42 mu M. Notably, compound 27 (EC50= 4.7 nM, SI = 5183) and 33 (EC50= 4.3 nM, SI = 7083) were identified as the most potent compounds, which were more active than nevirapine, lamivudine and efavirenz, and also reached the same order of etravirine. Furthermore, some compounds maintained excellent activity against various single HIV-1 mutants (L100I, K103 N, E138K, Y181C) as well as one double mutant (F227L/V106A) with EC50 values in low-micromolar concentration ranges. Notably, 34 displayed outstanding potency against F2271./V106A (EC50 = 0.094 M), and also showed exceptional activity against E138K (EC50 = 0.014 mu M), L100I (EC50 = 0.011 mu M) and K103 N (EC50 = 0.025 mu M). Additionally, most compounds showed markedly reduced cytotoxicity (CC50) compared to lead compounds, especially 36 (CC50> 234.91 mu M, SI > 18727) and 37 (CC50> 252.49 mu M, SI > 15152). Preliminary SARs and molecular modeling studies were also discussed in detail, which may provide valuable insights for further optimization. (C) 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

If you¡¯re interested in learning more about 19035-79-1. The above is the message from the blog manager. SDS of cas: 19035-79-1.

Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
,Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Never Underestimate The Influence Of 1-Chloroethyl carbonochloridate

Note that a catalyst decreases the activation energy for both the forward and the reverse reactions and hence accelerates both the forward and the reverse reactions. you can also check out more blogs about 50893-53-3. Application In Synthesis of 1-Chloroethyl carbonochloridate.

Chemistry, like all the natural sciences, Application In Synthesis of 1-Chloroethyl carbonochloridate, begins with the direct observation of nature¡ª in this case, of matter.50893-53-3, Name is 1-Chloroethyl carbonochloridate, SMILES is O=C(Cl)OC(Cl)C, belongs to chiral-nitrogen-ligands compound. In a document, author is Mas-Rosello, Josep, introduce the new discover.

Iridium-catalyzed acid-assisted asymmetric hydrogenation of oximes to hydroxylamines

Asymmetric hydrogenations are among the most practical methods for the synthesis of chiral building blocks at industrial scale. The selective reduction of an oxime to the corresponding chiral hydroxylamine derivative remains a challenging variant because of undesired cleavage of the weak nitrogen-oxygen bond. We report a robust cyclometalated iridium(III) complex bearing a chiral cyclopentadienyl ligand as an efficient catalyst for this reaction operating under highly acidic conditions. Valuable N-alkoxy amines can be accessed at room temperature with nondetected overreduction of the N-O bond. Catalyst turnover numbers up to 4000 and enantiomeric ratios up to 98:2 are observed. The findings serve as a blueprint for the development of metal-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenations of challenging substrates.

Note that a catalyst decreases the activation energy for both the forward and the reverse reactions and hence accelerates both the forward and the reverse reactions. you can also check out more blogs about 50893-53-3. Application In Synthesis of 1-Chloroethyl carbonochloridate.

Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
,Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Awesome and Easy Science Experiments about 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

Interested yet? Keep reading other articles of 96-47-9, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. Category: chiral-nitrogen-ligands.

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 96-47-9, Name is 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran, molecular formula is C5H10O. In an article, author is Wei, Liang,once mentioned of 96-47-9, Category: chiral-nitrogen-ligands.

Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions with N-Metallated Azomethine Ylides

Optically active nitrogen-containing compounds have attracted substantial attention due to their ubiquity in the cores of natural products and bioactive molecules. Among the various synthetic approaches to nitrogenous frameworks, catalytic asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions are one of the most attractive methods because of their powerful ability to rapidly construct various chiral N-heterocydes. In particular, N-metallated azomethine ylides, common and readily available 1,3-dipoles, have been extensively applied in dipolar cydoaddition reactions. Despite the fact that asymmetric transformations of azomethine ylides have been investigated for decades, most of the efforts have been directed toward the preparation of pyrrolidines using glycinate-derived alpha-unsubstituted aldimine esters as the precursors of the azomethine ylides. While alpha-substituted azomethine ylides derived from amino esters other than glycinate have seldom been harnessed, the construction of non-five-membered chiral N-heterocycles via 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions remains underexplored. In addition, the asymmetric alpha-functionalization of aldimine esters to prepare acyclic nitrogenous compounds such as alpha-amino acids, in which an in situ-generated N-metallated azomethine ylide serves as the nucleophile, has not been sufficiently described. In this Account, we mainly discuss the achievements we have made in the past decade toward broadening the applications of N-metallated azomethine ylides for the preparation of nitrogen-containing compounds. We began our investigation with the design and synthesis of a new type of chiral ligand, TF-BiphamPhos, which not only coordinates with Lewis acids to activate dipolar species but also serves as an H-bond donor to increase the reactivity of dipolarophiles with significantly enhanced stereochemical control. Using the Cu(I) or Ag(I)/TF-BiphamPhos complex as the catalyst, we achieved highly stereoselective (3+2) cycloadditions of glycinate and non-glycinate-derived azomethine ylides with diverse dipolarophiles, producing a variety of enantioenriched pyrrolidines with multiple stereocenters in a single step. To further expand the synthetic utility of N-metallated azomethine ylides, we successfully developed higher order cycloadditions with fulvenes, tropone, 2-aryl cydoheptatrienes, and pyrazolidinium ylides serving as the reaction partner, and this reaction provides straightforward access to enantioenriched fused piperidines, bridged azabicyclic frameworks, and triazines via (3+6)- and (3+3)-type cycloadditions. Using N-metallated azomethine ylides as the nucleophile, we realized Cu(I)-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-Michael additions with alpha,beta-unsaturated bisphosphates/Morita-Baylis-Hillman products, furnishing an array of structurally diverse unnatural alpha-amino acids. Based on the strategy of synergistic activation, we achieved highly efficient dual Cu/Pd and Cu/Ir catalysis for the alpha-functionalization of aldimine esters via the asymmetric allylic/allenylic allcylation of N-metallated azomethine ylides. Notably, Cu/Ir catalysis allowed the stereodivergent synthesis of alpha,alpha-disubstituted alpha-amino acids via a branched allylic alkylation reaction, in which the two distinct chiral metal catalysts independently have full stereochemical control over the corresponding nucleophile and electrophile. Furthermore, an expedient and stereodivergent preparation of biologically important tetrahydro-gamma-carbolines was realized through a Cu/Ir-catalyzed cascade allylation/iso-Pictet-Spengler cyclization. In addition, when the steric congestion in the allylation intermediates was increased, the combined Cu/Ir catalysts provided an asymmetric cascade allylation/2-aza-Cope rearrangement, producing various optically active homoallylic amines with impressive results.

Interested yet? Keep reading other articles of 96-47-9, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. Category: chiral-nitrogen-ligands.

Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
,Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Extracurricular laboratory: Discover of 19035-79-1

If you are interested in 19035-79-1, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. HPLC of Formula: C16H34KO4P.

In an article, author is Klivar, Jiri, once mentioned the application of 19035-79-1, HPLC of Formula: C16H34KO4P, Name is Potassium hexadecyl hydrogenphosphate, molecular formula is C16H34KO4P, molecular weight is 360.5108, MDL number is MFCD04112600, category is chiral-nitrogen-ligands. Now introduce a scientific discovery about this category.

Asymmetric Synthesis of Diastereo- and Enantiopure Bioxahelicene 2,2-Bipyridines

A versatile asymmetric synthesis of five C-2 symmetric enantio- and diastereopure bioxa[5]- and bioxa[6]helicene 2,2-bipyridines was developed. It relied either on a double intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloisomerization of dicyanotetrayne (forming simultaneously the 2,2-bipyridine unit and biazaoxahelicene backbone) or one-pot/sequential intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloisomerization of triyne accompanied by an intermolecular haloazaoxahelicene reductive homocoupling. We reached an effective central-to-helical-to-axial chirality transfer that was controlled by the 1,3-allylic-type strain and sterically constricted atropoisomerization of the embedded 2,2-bipyridine unit. The chiroptical properties of the bioxahelicene 2,2-bipyridines were studied along with their fluorescence properties.

If you are interested in 19035-79-1, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. HPLC of Formula: C16H34KO4P.

Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
,Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis