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Category: chiral-nitrogen-ligands. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: 2-Chloro-5-pyridinesulfonyl chloride, is researched, Molecular C5H3Cl2NO2S, CAS is 6684-39-5, about Antidiabetic effects of glucokinase regulatory protein small-molecule disruptors. Author is Lloyd, David J.; St. Jean, David J. Jr.; Kurzeja, Robert J. M.; Wahl, Robert C.; Michelsen, Klaus; Cupples, Rod; Chen, Michelle; Wu, John; Sivits, Glenn; Helmering, Joan; Komorowski, Renee; Ashton, Kate S.; Pennington, Lewis D.; Fotsch, Christopher; Vazir, Mukta; Chen, Kui; Chmait, Samer; Zhang, Jiandong; Liu, Longbin; Norman, Mark H.; Andrews, Kristin L.; Bartberger, Michael D.; Van, Gwyneth; Galbreath, Elizabeth J.; Vonderfecht, Steven L.; Wang, Minghan; Jordan, Steven R.; Veniant, Murielle M.; Hale, Clarence.

Glucose homeostasis is a vital and complex process, and its disruption can cause hyperglycemia and type II diabetes mellitus. Glucokinase (GK), a key enzyme that regulates glucose homeostasis, converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in pancreatic β-cells, liver hepatocytes, specific hypothalamic neurons, and gut enterocytes. In hepatocytes, GK regulates glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, suppresses glucose production, and is subject to the endogenous inhibitor GK regulatory protein (GKRP). During fasting, GKRP binds, inactivates and sequesters GK in the nucleus, which removes GK from the gluconeogenic process and prevents a futile cycle of glucose phosphorylation. Compounds that directly hyperactivate GK (GK activators) lower blood glucose levels and are being evaluated clin. as potential therapeutics for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. However, initial reports indicate that an increased risk of hypoglycemia is associated with some GK activators. To mitigate the risk of hypoglycemia, the authors sought to increase GK activity by blocking GKRP. Here the authors describe the identification of two potent small-mol. GK-GKRP disruptors (AMG-1694 and AMG-3969) that normalized blood glucose levels in several rodent models of diabetes. These compounds potently reversed the inhibitory effect of GKRP on GK activity and promoted GK translocation both in vitro (isolated hepatocytes) and in vivo (liver). A co-crystal structure of full-length human GKRP in complex with AMG-1694 revealed a previously unknown binding pocket in GKRP distinct from that of the phosphofructose-binding site. Furthermore, with AMG-1694 and AMG-3969 (but not GK activators), blood glucose lowering was restricted to diabetic and not normoglycemic animals. These findings exploit a new cellular mechanism for lowering blood glucose levels with reduced potential for hypoglycemic risk in patients with type II diabetes mellitus.

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Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis—I. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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In organic chemistry, atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are generally referred to as heteroatoms. The most common heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Now I present to you an article called 6-Chloro-N-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide, published in 2013-12-31, which mentions a compound: 6684-39-5, mainly applied to crystal structure chloropyridinylmethylpyridinesulfonamide; mol structure chloropyridinylmethylpyridinesulfonamide; hydrogen bond chloropyridinylmethylpyridinesulfonamide, COA of Formula: C5H3Cl2NO2S.

In 6-chloro-N-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide, C11H10ClN3O2S, the dihedral angle between the pyridine rings is 46.85(12)°. The N atom of the chloropyridine ring is anti to the N-H bond. In the crystal, mols. are linked through N-H···N H bonds into zigzag chains parallel to [001] with a C(7) graph-set motif. Crystallog. data are given.

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Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis—I. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: alicyclic heterocycles and aromatic heterocycles. Compounds whose heterocycles in the molecular skeleton cannot reflect aromaticity are called alicyclic heterocyclic compounds. Compound: 6684-39-5, is researched, Molecular C5H3Cl2NO2S, about Antidiabetic Disruptors of the Glucokinase-Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Complex Reorganize a Coulombic Interface, the main research direction is antidiabetic interaction coulombic interface glucokinase complex regulatory protein GKRP.SDS of cas: 6684-39-5.

The glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) plays an essential role in glucose homeostasis by acting as a competitive inhibitor of glucokinase (GCK) and triggering its localization to the hepatocyte nucleus upon glucose deprivation. Metabolites such as fructose 6-phosphate and sorbitol 6-phosphate promote assembly of the GCK-GKRP complex, whereas fructose 1-phosphate and functionalized piperazines with potent in vivo antidiabetic activity disrupt the complex. Here, we establish the mol. basis by which these natural and synthetic ligands modulate the GCK-GKRP interaction. We demonstrate that a small-mol. disruptor of the protein-protein interaction utilizes a two-step conformational selection mechanism to associate with a rare GKRP conformation constituting 3% of the total population. Conformational heterogeneity of GKRP is localized to the N-terminus and deleting this region eliminates the ability of sorbitol 6-phosphate to promote the GCK-GKRP interaction. Stabilizing ligands favor an extended N-terminus, which sterically positions two arginine residues for optimal coulombic interaction with a pair of carboxylate side chains from GCK. Conversely, disruptors promote a more compact N-terminus in which an interfacial arginine residue is stabilized in an unproductive orientation through a cation-π interaction with tyrosine 75. Eliminating the ability to sample this binding impaired conformation enhances the intrinsic inhibitory activity of GKRP. Elucidating the mol. basis of ligand-mediated control over the GCK-GKRP interaction is expected to impact the development and future refinement of therapeutic agents for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which result from improper GKRP regulation of GCK.

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Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis—I. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Product Details of 6684-39-5. The protonation of heteroatoms in aromatic heterocycles can be divided into two categories: lone pairs of electrons are in the aromatic ring conjugated system; and lone pairs of electrons do not participate. Compound: 2-Chloro-5-pyridinesulfonyl chloride, is researched, Molecular C5H3Cl2NO2S, CAS is 6684-39-5, about A reversed sulfonamide series of selective RORc inverse agonists. Author is van Niel, Monique B.; Fauber, Benjamin P.; Cartwright, Matthew; Gaines, Simon; Killen, Jonathan C.; Rene, Olivier; Ward, Stuart I.; de Leon Boenig, Gladys; Deng, Yuzhong; Eidenschenk, Celine; Everett, Christine; Gancia, Emanuela; Ganguli, Arunima; Gobbi, Alberto; Hawkins, Julie; Johnson, Adam R.; Kiefer, James R.; La, Hank; Lockey, Peter; Norman, Maxine; Ouyang, Wenjun; Qin, Ann; Wakes, Nicole; Waszkowycz, Bohdan; Wong, Harvey.

The identification of a new series of RORc inverse agonists is described. Comprehensive structure-activity relationship studies of this reversed sulfonamide series identified potent RORc inverse agonists in biochem. and cellular assays which were also selective against a panel of nuclear receptors. The work has contributed a compound that may serve as a useful in vitro tool to delineate the complex biol. pathways involved in signaling through RORc. An x-ray cocrystal structure of an analog with RORc has also provided useful insights into the binding interactions of the new series.

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Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis—I. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Synthetic Route of C5H3Cl2NO2S. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can also be classified according to the number of heteroatoms contained in the heterocycle: single heteroatom, two heteroatoms, three heteroatoms and four heteroatoms. Compound: 2-Chloro-5-pyridinesulfonyl chloride, is researched, Molecular C5H3Cl2NO2S, CAS is 6684-39-5, about Identification of bicyclic hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol sulfonamides as retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ/RORc) inverse agonists. Employing structure-based drug design to improve pregnane X receptor (PXR) selectivity. Author is Gong, Hua; Weinstein, David S.; Lu, Zhonghui; Duan, James J.-W.; Stachura, Sylwia; Haque, Lauren; Karmakar, Ananta; Hemagiri, Hemalatha; Raut, Dhanya Kumar; Gupta, Arun Kumar; Khan, Javed; Camac, Dan; Sack, John S.; Pudzianowski, Andrew; Wu, Dauh-Rurng; Yarde, Melissa; Shen, Ding-Ren; Borowski, Virna; Xie, Jenny H.; Sun, Huadong; D’Arienzo, Celia; Dabros, Marta; Galella, Michael A.; Wang, Faye; Weigelt, Carolyn A.; Zhao, Qihong; Foster, William; Somerville, John E.; Salter-Cid, Luisa M.; Barrish, Joel C.; Carter, Percy H.; Dhar, T. G. Murali.

We disclose the optimization of a high throughput screening hit to yield benzothiazine and tetrahydroquinoline sulfonamides as potent RORγt inverse agonists. However, a majority of these compounds showed potent activity against pregnane X receptor (PXR) and modest activity against liver X receptor α (LXRα). Structure-based drug design (SBDD) led to the identification of benzothiazine and tetrahydroquinoline sulfonamide analogs which completely dialed out LXRα activity and were less potent at PXR. Pharmacodynamic (PD) data for compound 35 in an IL-23 induced IL-17 mouse model is discussed along with the implications of a high Ymax in the PXR assay for long term preclin. pharmacokinetic (PK) studies.

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Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis—I. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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In general, if the atoms that make up the ring contain heteroatoms, such rings become heterocycles, and organic compounds containing heterocycles are called heterocyclic compounds. An article called Design, Synthesis, and Biological Characterization of Orally Active 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Inhibitors Targeting the Prevention of Osteoporosis, published in 2019-08-08, which mentions a compound: 6684-39-5, Name is 2-Chloro-5-pyridinesulfonyl chloride, Molecular C5H3Cl2NO2S, Electric Literature of C5H3Cl2NO2S.

Osteoporosis is predominantly treated with drugs that inhibit further bone resorption due to estrogen deficiency. Yet, osteoporosis drugs that not only inhibit bone resorption but also stimulate bone formation, such as potentially inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2), may be more efficacious in the treatment of osteoporosis. Blockade of 17β-HSD2 is thought to increase intracellular estradiol and testosterone in bone, thereby inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts and stimulating bone formation by osteoblasts, resp. We here describe the design, synthesis, and biol. characterization of a novel bicyclic-substituted hydroxyphenylmethanone 17β-HSD2 inhibitor (I). Compound I is a nanomolar potent inhibitor of human 17β-HSD2 (IC50 of 6.1 nM) and rodent 17β-HSD2 with low in vitro cellular toxicity, devoid of detectable estrogen receptor α affinity, displays high aqueous solubility and in vitro metabolic stability, and has an excellent oral pharmacokinetic profile for testing in a rat osteoporosis model. Administration of I in a rat osteoporosis model demonstrates its bone-sparing efficacy.

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Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis—I. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Most of the compounds have physiologically active properties, and their biological properties are often attributed to the heteroatoms contained in their molecules, and most of these heteroatoms also appear in cyclic structures. A Journal, Article, Molecules called Design, synthesis, and antitumor activity of a series of novel 4-(aromatic sulfonyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-dien-8-ones, Author is Xing, Naiguo; Chen, Chen; Zhong, Qiu; Zheng, Shilong; Wang, Guangdi; He, Ling, which mentions a compound: 6684-39-5, SMILESS is ClC1=NC=C(C=C1)[S](=O)(=O)Cl, Molecular C5H3Cl2NO2S, Recommanded Product: 2-Chloro-5-pyridinesulfonyl chloride.

Based on benzenesulfonylazaspirodienone (HL-X9) identified in the previous work, the lead compound for better efficacy is optimized, thereby synthesizing a series of novel 4-(aromatic sulfonyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-dien-8-one derivatives such as I through a key step of metal-catalyzed cascade cyclization. The preliminary antiproliferative tests have shown that the anticancer activities of acetyl-protected mannose-linked sulfonylazaspirodienone derivatives have been greatly improved. Among them, II is the most potent derivative, with IC50 values of 0.17μM, 0.05μM, and 0.07μM for A549, MDA-MB-231, and HeLa cell lines, resp. Flow cytometry anal. shows that II arrests MDA-MB-231 cells in the G2/M phase and has a certain effect on the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, the acute toxicity of II was lower than that of adriamycin.

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Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis—I. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Safety of 2-Chloro-5-pyridinesulfonyl chloride. Aromatic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocycles and fused heterocycles. Compound: 2-Chloro-5-pyridinesulfonyl chloride, is researched, Molecular C5H3Cl2NO2S, CAS is 6684-39-5, about Small Molecule Disruptors of the Glucokinase-Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Interaction: 3. Structure-Activity Relationships within the Aryl Carbinol Region of the N-Arylsulfonamido-N’-arylpiperazine Series. Author is Nishimura, Nobuko; Norman, Mark H.; Liu, Longbin; Yang, Kevin C.; Ashton, Kate S.; Bartberger, Michael D.; Chmait, Samer; Chen, Jie; Cupples, Rod; Fotsch, Christopher; Helmering, Joan; Jordan, Steven R.; Kunz, Roxanne K.; Pennington, Lewis D.; Poon, Steve F.; Siegmund, Aaron; Sivits, Glenn; Lloyd, David J.; Hale, Clarence; St. Jean, David J..

We have recently reported a novel approach to increase cytosolic glucokinase (GK) levels through the binding of a small mol. to its endogenous inhibitor, glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP). These initial investigations culminated in the identification of 2-(4-((2S)-4-((6-amino-3-pyridinyl)sulfonyl)-2-(1-propyn-1-yl)-1-piperazinyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (I, AMG-3969), a compound that effectively enhanced GK translocation and reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic animals. Herein we report the results of our expanded SAR investigations that focused on modifications to the aryl carbinol group of this series. Guided by the X-ray cocrystal structure of compound I bound to hGKRP, we identified several potent GK-GKRP disruptors bearing a diverse set of functionalities in the aryl carbinol region. Among them, sulfoximine and pyridinyl derivatives II and III possessed excellent potency as well as favorable PK properties. When dosed orally in db/db mice, both compounds significantly lowered fed blood glucose levels (up to 58%).

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Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis—I. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Name: 2-Chloro-5-pyridinesulfonyl chloride. So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic. Compound: 2-Chloro-5-pyridinesulfonyl chloride, is researched, Molecular C5H3Cl2NO2S, CAS is 6684-39-5, about Aqueous Process Chemistry: The Preparation of Aryl Sulfonyl Chlorides.

The use of aqueous acidic conditions for the preparation of arylsulfonyl chlorides from diazonium salts in the presence of copper salts, preferably CuCl, together with thionyl chloride as the sulfur dioxide source, has considerable advantages over recommended literature procedures, whereby reactions are carried out in acetic acid with minimization of water content of the solvent. The method was successful for a wide range of electron-deficient and electron-neutral aryl substrates. The sulfonyl chlorides are protected from hydrolysis by their low solubility in water, which results in direct precipitation from the reaction mixture in good yields (>70%) and high strength (>98% weight/weight). The aqueous process, which is addnl. safer and more robust, can be readily scaled up and has significant environmental benefits.

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Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis—I. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《Pyridine mercurials》. Authors are Hurd, Charles D.; Morrissey, Clarence J..The article about the compound:2-Chloro-5-pyridinesulfonyl chloridecas:6684-39-5,SMILESS:ClC1=NC=C(C=C1)[S](=O)(=O)Cl).Name: 2-Chloro-5-pyridinesulfonyl chloride. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:6684-39-5) is conveyed.

The preparation and properties of di-3-pyridylmercury (I), bis(3-pyridylmercuri)ammonium chloride (II), 6-chloro-3-pyridylmercuric chloride (III), and 2-pyridylmercuric chloride (IV) are described. 3-Pyridylmercuric acetate (V) (75 g.) in 3 l. H2O at 80° treated dropwise with 13 g. NaCl in 50 cc. H2O gave 81% 3-pyridylmercuric chloride (VI), m. about 245°; it gave recrystallized from H2O (2 g./1 l.) needles, m. 265-8°. V in hot H2O treated with aqueous NaBr gave 3-pyridylmercuric bromide, m. 275° (decomposition). Similarly was obtained the corresponding iodide, yellow solid, m. 280° (decomposition). Br (10 g.) added during 3.5 h. with stirring to 20 g. VI and 6.6 g. NaBr in H2O at 50-60°, the mixture held 15 h. at 20°, treated with 5.7 g. HCl, and filtered from 16.4 g. residue, the filtrate basified and extracted with Et2O, and the residue (3.0 g.) from the extract redistilled yielded 1.6 g. 3-bromopyridine, b. 168-71.5°. VI (0.2 g.) refluxed 0.5 h. with 25 cc. 0.1N iodine containing 1 g. KI and 3 cc. CHCl3, and the mixture titrated with 0.1N Na2S2O3 indicated a quant. reaction. VI (10 g.), m. 245°, and 100 g. NH4OH stirred occasionally during 0.5 h. and filtered gave 5.1 g. solid filter residue of II, m. 168-80°, which liberated NH3 when boiled with dilute NaOH; the filtrate evaporated and the solid residue (4.8 g.) leached with H2O left unchanged VI, m. 240°. Na2S2O3 (50 g.) in 50 cc. H2O treated with 10 g. V, and the solution allowed to stand 0.5 h. gave 4.5 g. I, white solid, m. 225-6°. II (1 g.) mixed with 10 saturated aqueous Na2S2O3, and the precipitate recrystallized from EtOH gave I, m. 255°, which recrystallized from EtOH gave crystals, m. 239°. I in EtOH mixed with alc. HgCl2 gave VI, m. 240-5°. I in EtOH treated with alc. gave the di-HCl salt, white crystals, m. 222° (decomposition). Similarly was prepared the dipicrate, yellow crystals, m. 255° (decomposition). I.2HCl heated to 200° evolved pyridine. I dipicrate treated with alc. KOH gave I, m. 237-8°. The urethane of 3-aminopyridine (VII) acidified with HCl and heated to 100° until the effervescence ceased, the H2O evaporated, and the residue dissolved in hot C6H6 and precipitated with 2 volumes ligroine gave the amine, m. 62°, in 40% yield. VII (1.88 g.) was diazotized in 6 cc. cold. concentrated HCl with 1.4 g. NaNO2 in 6 cc. H2O and then 5.4 g. HgCl2 in 6 cc. HCl added to yield 6.2 g. diazonium salt-HgCl2 double salt (VIII). VIII (5 g.) mixed with cooling with 5 g. Cu in 30 cc. Me2CO, the mixture treated with 30 cc. NH4OH, allowed to stand 15 h., diluted with an equal volume H2O, and filtered, the filter residue extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus 1 h. with Me2CO, the extract evaporated, and the residue (0.8 g.) crystallized from a little EtOH gave I, m. 232°. VI (10 g.) added to 50 cc. cold NH4OH, the mixture filtered after 0.5 h., the filtrate treated with 10 g. Cu powder, and filtered after several days, the filtrate evaporated to dryness, and the residue recrystallized from EtOH gave a small amount of I, m. 227-34°. 2-Pyridinethiol (22 g.) (from 2-bromopyridine and thiourea), 300 cc. HCl, and 70 cc. ice water treated at 0-5° with excess gaseous Cl, the mixture poured into 800 cc. ice water, and a part of the precipitate recrystallized by dissolving in (CH2Cl)2 at 40° and cooling to -5° gave an unidentified substance, white needles, m. 210° (from Me2CO); the remainder of the solid suspended in 200 cc. cold H2O, mixed with 40 g. Zn dust, heated 20 min. to boiling, made alk. with aqueous Na2CO3, and filtered, the filtrate neutralized, heated with 25 g. HgCl2 to boiling, refluxed 2 h., and filtered, and the filtrate neutralized with HCl yielded IV, white solid, m. 275° (from MeOH). 2-Chloro-5-pyridinesulfonyl chloride (25 g.), m. 51°, treated with vigorous stirring with 23 g. Zn dust, the mixture refluxed 0.5 h., made alk. with Na2CO3 and filtered, the filter residue washed with hot aqueous Na2CO3, the combined filtrates neutralized, treated with 32 g. HgCl2, refluxed 2 h., and filtered, and the filter residue washed with H2O and dried gave 4.5 g. solid, m. 130°, which heated twice with 10% aqueous NaOH at 80°, filtered hot, and washed with H2O yielded 1.5 g. III, m. 263°.

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Reference:
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis—I. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis