The prevalence of solvent effects in heterogeneous catalysis in condensed media has motivated developing quantitative kinetic, and their interactions with reaction intermediates and transition states. In an article, 108-47-4, name is 2,4-Dimethylpyridine, introducing its new discovery. Electric Literature of 108-47-4
Lignocellulosic biomass is considered an abundant and renewable source to produce bio-oils with an objective of its value addition for fuels and chemicals. Upgrading strategies have immensely evolved as a result of ever progressing research in this field. Development of complete analytical protocol for bio-oil characterization at different stages of its production, storage, upgrading and during its use is essential for the purpose of its quality assurance and understanding. This report is aimed at developing a sample preparation procedure for bio-oils involving an extensive liquid-liquid extraction approach. Bio-oil obtained after slow pyrolysis of Jatropha Curcas seed cake was phase separated and subjected to solvent extraction. Various solvents were screened for their extraction capabilities towards available organic compounds of all functional group in the bio-oil. Ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, diethyl ether, benzene, cyclohexane and hexane were employed for extraction of aqueous phase under similar conditions. Recoveries of compounds containing varying functional groups indicated ethyl acetate and dichloromethane as optimum among all other solvents. During the extraction, partitioning of compounds between bio-oil phase and solvent occurred largely on the basis of polarity. Acidic and basic organic compounds present in the aqueous phase were determined after adjusting the pH of samples followed by dichloromethane extraction. A comprehensive detail of the extracted chemicals and their classification has been provided. The identification was carried out qualitatively with GC-MS and derivatization of polar chemicals was also carried out before analysis. These experiments compare the efficacy of various organic solvents for extracting diverse bio-oil pyrolytic products. The findings are important in ascertaining usefulness of organic solvents towards enrichment of available bio-oil chemical groups. The information may be either utilized for characterization purposes or their monitoring during upgrading process.
Because enzymes can increase reaction rates by enormous factors and tend to be very specific, they are the focus of active research. Each step is an elementary reaction. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 108-47-4
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Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis—I. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis